Beyond

Hal Brands urges the U.S. to make China and Russia “pay exorbitantly” for their policies. History shows that has never worked.

For more than a century, Western oil companies have cycled into and out of Russia.

Studying the aftermath of the evacuation from Tripoli provides perspective on the current fallout from the withdrawal from Afghanistan.

How American racism, capitalism, and imperialism led the U.S. to sabotage African democracies.

The fate of the League of Nations provides a stark warning about using sanctions as a tool of modern warfare.

Congress hasn't declared it often. The U.S. has fought a lot of war anyway. How?

A review of “The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War."

American pundits say Putin is undermining the international order. But the ability of great powers to ignore the rules is a lamentable part of the system.

Driven by fears of the rise of communism, the U.S. intervened in elections across the globe. In Latin America, the consequences are still being felt.

An alliance between Jewish activists and congressional neocons made Soviet Jewry a key issue in superpower relations—and reshaped American Jewish politics.

NATO expansion - the trigger for Russia's attack on Ukraine?

During the American Revolution, the British 29th Regiment had a tradition of including Black drummers into its ranks.

Fights over history like those in the U.S. are happening all over the world.

Giles Tremlett tells the story of the foreigners who joined the first line of defense against fascism in Europe.

For decades, America’s governing elite caricatured sensible restraint in order to pursue geopolitical dominance and endless wars. At last the folly may be over.

Over the past century, the United States came to rely ever more on economic coercion—with questionable results.

Yes, the Russian leader is an authoritarian aggressor. But different decisions at key points by the U.S. might have made him less so.

Bringing to light the kinship among American wars—and, by extension, their true significance—requires situating them in a single historical framework.

A decade or two ago, opposing NATO expansion to Ukraine was a position espoused by pillars of the American establishment. What happened?

A 1763 massacre by colonial settlers exposed the the irreconcilable contradictions of conquest by people concerned with civility.

Unable to bear the shame of being captured as a prisoner of war, Shoichi Yokoi hid in the jungles of Guam until January 1972.

What turned Smedley Butler into a critic of American foreign policy?

Somewhere in Jamaica survive the original cannabis strains that were not burned by American agents or bred to be more profitable.

How the CIA tried to trick the Soviets with sex dolls (but ultimately got screwed).

It is in the hidden spaces of American empire that the realities of power can truly be seen.

How the authors of the Depression-era “Business Plot” aimed to take power away from FDR and stop his “socialist” New Deal.

Extending that compassion today could reverse past wrongs.

The American exchange organizers were unaware that the German pupils and staff were charged with an explicitly propagandistic mission.

Toward the end of his life, Frederick Douglass served briefly as U.S. ambassador to Haiti.

How a sitting, elected national government found itself in the position of having to buy its own country.