Michael Shannon as President James Garfield.

“Death by Lightning” Dramatizes the Assassination America Forgot

The new Netflix miniseries makes the 1881 killing of President James Garfield feel thrillingly current.
John Adams, Jefferson's pamphlet on the Rights of British America, and Franklin's "Join or Die" cartoon.

What Actually Changed in 1776

The most consequential shift that year was not one of battle lines but of ideology.
Portrait of Morris Hillquit taken between 1910 and 1915.

The Socialist Who Helped Bring Marx to America

The early-20th-century socialist and New York mayoral candidate Morris Hillquit saw liberalism and democracy as a foundation for a transition to socialism.
Map of Texas's congressional districts.

How Redistricting Turned a Setback Into a Bloodbath

The 1894 election cycle holds some key lessons for partisan gerrymanders today.
Jean and Joseph McCarthy reading the Daily Worker.

McCarthyism Is Back. You Can Thank This Woman.

History has overlooked the real architect of Joe McCarthy’s purges: his wife.
Dick Cheney waving.

Cheney’s Last Laugh

For many, Dick Cheney epitomized idealistic foreign policy hubris.
Michael Shannon as James Garfield in Death by Lightning.

The Real Story Behind ‘Death by Lightning’ and the Assassination of President James A. Garfield

The series dramatizes the brief tenure of the 20th president, who was fatally shot by Charles Guiteau, a lawyer who believed he’d secured Garfield’s election.
Drawing of two men with axes.
partner

History According to Robert Bork

How the conservative scholar’s 1996 bestseller anticipated blaming everything on “woke.”

His Works Completed, Dick Cheney, Mass Murderer of Iraqis and American Democracy, Dies

As much as the Trumpists claim to disavow the War on Terror, they walk a path paved by the most powerful vice president in US history.
Dick Cheney.

Where Things Really Went Wrong for Dick Cheney

He died an irrelevant, all-but-forgotten figure—and mostly had himself to blame.
Dick Cheney at his 1989 swearing-in as secretary of defense.

Dick Cheney, Powerful Vice President During War On Terrorism, Dies at 84

After 9/11, he used his role as President George W. Bush’s chief strategist to approve the use of torture and steer U.S. occupations of Afghanistan and Iraq.
Oil painting of George Washington's inauguration as the first American president.

Loyalty Oaths and the Crisis of the American Revolution

The struggle over loyalty oaths reveals how Americans learned to wield faith and coercion in the name of freedom.
Virginia residents outside of an early voting location.
partner

The Troubling Roots of Off-Year Gubernatorial Elections

Off-year elections were meant to insulate states from federal trends. That still matters.
Sliced and shifted John Trumbull painting of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

America’s Founding Fathers Had No Faith in Democracy

On the inherent contradictions behind the American revolutionary dream.
Andrew Johnson portrait looking over the shoulder of Ulysses S. Grant portrait.

What Trump Could Learn From Ulysses S. Grant

The last American crisis over civilian-military relations ended with a general’s historic choice.
Political cartoon depicting a gerrymandered district in 1812 Massachusetts as a monster.

Gerrymandering

The notion that democratic elections should allow voters to make a real choice between candidates sits uneasily with untrammeled redistricting power.
Abraham Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln’s 1859 Lesson for Some 2028 Democrat

There are parallels between the John Brown raid and the murder of Charlie Kirk. But only one man seized the moment to start changing the course of history.
Joseph McCarthy.

The Red Scare Is American Past and Present

If we want to understand how we arrived in this authoritarian moment in 2025, we need to understand one of the central pathways that brought us here.
Kitchen workers moving a paper-mache Statue of Liberty in 2009 Kabul, Afghanistan.

Pervasive Impunity

How four presidential administrations managed to evade moral responsibility for the “war on terror” by hiding behind legality and process.
The Statue of Liberty as clouds roll in.

The End of Asylum

The second Trump administration has undone the division between political and economic migrants. Did it make sense to separate them to begin with?
Illustration of a founding father standing in front of a distorted mirror.

What the Founders Would Say Now

They might be surprised that the republic exists at all.
The founders at the Constitutional Convention with the "We the People" as a backdrop.

“Shall We Have a King?”

Some delegates at the Constitutional Convention wanted a strong executive, while others feared the American president might become a king.
President Nixon signs an executive order.

Nixon Now Looks Restrained

The former President once made an offhand remark about Charles Manson’s guilt. The reaction shows how aberrant Donald Trump’s rhetoric is.
Illustration of a Revolution, of a mob holding forks and knives, fighting men on horses.

The Insurrection Problem

Violence has marred the American constitutional order since the founding. Is it inevitable?
An 1877 depiction of Pontiac speaking at a tribal council.

How Native Nations Shaped the Revolution

The Founders were inspired—and threatened—by the independence and self-governance of nations like the Iroquois Confederacy.
National Guard soldiers patrolling in front of the White House.
partner

History Shows the Perils of Troops Policing American Cities

Sending Redcoats to American cities worked in the short term. But over time, it alienated even the colonists most loyal to the British.
Supreme Court and Donald Trump

The Supreme Court Should Listen to the Founders on Tariffs

James Madison and John Marshall would say Trump’s tariffs are legal.
King George III

The Myth of Mad King George

He was denounced by rebel propagandists as a tyrant and remembered by Americans as a reactionary dolt. Who was he really?
Capitol building, Constitution, and Congressional record.

Twelve Failed Constitutional Amendments That Could Have Reshaped American History

These proposals sought to change the United States’ name, abolish the presidency, and set a limit on personal fortunes, among other measures.
"The TVA System of Multi-Purpose Dams" sign // Getty Images

Will the TVA Survive Trump’s New Deal?

After a century of big-government bureaucracy, the U.S. has a developer-in-chief.