Artwork depicting the Trail of Tears.

Was Indian Removal Genocidal?

Most recent scholarship, while supporting the view that the policy was vicious, has not addressed the question of genocide.
Painting of a worried child and a despairing mother.

With Friends Like These

On early American attempts to kick out foreigners.

Reaganland Is the Riveting Conclusion to a Story That Still Isn’t Over

Rick Perlstein’s epic series shows political history and cultural history cannot be disentangled.
Legislators at the podium during a joint session of congress to tally presidential electoral votes in 1969.

How the Electoral College Was Nearly Abolished in 1970

The House approved a constitutional amendment to dismantle the indirect voting system, but it was killed in the Senate by a filibuster.
Women around a table of papers and forms, with a League of Women Voters banner on the wall.

What the First Women Voters Experienced When Registering for the 1920 Election

The process varied by state, with some making accommodations for the new voting bloc and others creating additional obstacles.

Racist Litter

A review of Eric Foner's The Second Founding.
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George Washington Invoked Executive Privilege. But He’d Reject Barr’s Version.

Washington supported a much more limited conception of executive privilege.

Standing on the Crater of a Volcano

In 1920, James Weldon Johnson went to Washington, armed with census data, to fight rampant voter suppression across the American South.

Joseph McCarthy and the Force of Political Falsehoods

McCarthy never sent a single “subversive” to jail, but, decades later, the spirit of his conspiracy-mongering endures.

How the Simulmatics Corporation Invented the Future

When J.F.K. ran for President, a team of data scientists with powerful computers set out to model and manipulate American voters. Sound familiar?

Charismatic Models

There is, and always has been, a vanishingly thin line between charismatic democratic rulers and charismatic authoritarians.

The Death of Hannah Fizer

Black people suffer disproportionately from police violence. But white skin does not provide immunity.

Imperial Wars Always Come Home

All empires fall. When they do, the violence and terror they’ve wrought on others has a way of coming back around.
Demonstrators with signs reading "Every Person Counts."
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Trump’s Push to Skew the Census Builds on a Long History of Politicizing the Count

Who counts determines whose interests are represented in government.
Bella Abzug with a group of women with strike signs.

'In a Perfectly Just Republic,' Bella Abzug – Born a Century Ago – Would Have Been President

Before presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, before Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, there was Congresswoman and firebrand Bella Abzug.

A Definitive Case Against the Electoral College

Why the framers created the Electoral College — and why we need to get rid of it.
Armed troops wearing gas masks walk through tear gas at Black Lives Matter protest.
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The Extraordinary Scene Unfolding in Portland Has a Disturbing History

How immigration enforcement and policing became entwined
French military marching in practice for the Bastille Day Parade.
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The American Founders Celebrated the Storming of the Bastille

They understood that revolution means dismantling old power structures, violently if necessary.
A campaign illustration featuring busts of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson over festoons featuring eagles, smoke, and the American flag.

Andrew Johnson’s Abuse of Pardons Was Relentless

Worried that the presidential power to undo convictions can be taken too far? Look no further than Lincoln’s successor.

America's Black Soldiers

The long history behind the Army's Jim Crow forts.

Lincoln’s Paramilitaries, the “Wide Awakes,” Helped Bring About a Political Revolution

In 1860, a novel paramilitary-style organization mobilized hundreds of thousands against the Southern planter class.
Frances Perkins on a ship, wearing a winter coat and gloves.

Frances Perkins: Architect of the New Deal

She designed Social Security and public works programs that helped bring millions out of poverty. Her work has been largely forgotten.
Women gathered around Eleanor Roosevelt at Camp Tera.

The New Deal Program that Sent Women to Summer Camp

About 8,500 women attended the camps inspired by the CCC and organized by Eleanor Roosevelt—but the "She-She-She" program was mocked and eventually abandoned.

Will We Still Be American After Democracy Dies?

Is being "political" the central force in our identities?
President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 on Liberty Island in New York Harbor.

The Nativist Tradition

Two recent books put the reemergence of anti-immigrant sentiment in the Trump era into historical relief.

The Empire of All Maladies

Indigenous scholars have long contested the “virgin-soil epidemics” thesis. Today, it is clear that the disease thesis simply doesn’t hold up.
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"It Has Not Been My Habit to Yield"

Charles Sumner and the fight for equal naturalization rights.
Donald Trump giving a speech in front of a large photo of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

‘The Most Ignorant and Unfit’: What Made America’s Worst Ever Leader?

The real challenge is not simply to replace Trump, but to fix a system that produces, promotes, and protects the toxicity that defines his presidency.
Robert Smalls

What Woodrow Wilson Did to Robert Smalls

We all know, in the abstract, that Wilson was a white supremacist. But here’s how he wielded his racism against one accomplished Black American.
Drawing of three Native American men wearing plains dress.

The Last Chief of the Comanches and the Fall of an Empire

Dustin Tahmahkera details the life of the last chief of the Comanches, Quanah Parker.