The Rocket Scientist Who Had to Elude the FBI Before He Could Escape Earth

Frank Malina's scientific dreams were as radical as his politics.
Black paramedics, police, and bystanders.

The First Responders

The black men who formed America’s original paramedic corps wanted to make history and save lives—starting with their own.
A 1947 advertisement for the air conditioner featuring two women looking bemusedly at a new window unit.

The Unexpected History of the Air Conditioner

The invention was once received with chilly skepticism but has become a fixture of American life.

On America’s Wild West of Dinosaur Fossil Hunting

In 19th-century America, rare old bones were a resource like any other.
Neil Armstrong and the American flag on the moon.
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How NASA Sold The Science And Glamour of Space Travel

At the time of the Apollo 11 landing, some Americans had reservations about reaching for the stars when troubles swelled on Earth.

In Castoria

It's worth considering how the two images of the beaver – one focused upon its hind parts and the other upon its industry – are but two acts in a single history.

A Strange Blight: Rachel Carson’s Forebodings

Reading Silent Spring today, in the hazy reddish glow of climate catastrophe, is both an exhilarating and a melancholy pleasure.

Wearing The Lead Glasses

Lead contamination in New Orleans and beyond.

One Reason Why White People in the South Have More Bias Against Black Americans

Research finds that white people in regions that were heavily dependent on slavery are more likely to harbor unconscious racism.
Hands waving US and pride flags during the National LGBT Anniversary Ceremony in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia on July 4, 2015.
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How Eugenics Gave Rise To Modern Homophobia

The roots of anti-gay attitudes lay in white supremacy.

Resistance to Immunity

A review of three recent books that delve into the history and science of vaccines and immunity, and the anxieties that accompany them.

Simply Elegant, Morse Code Marks 175 Years and Counting

The code has undergone minor changes since its creation, but its use persists to this day.
Margaret Hamilton stands next to a stack of paper as tall as she is - the software she and her team produced for the Apollo project.

The Hidden Heroines of Chaos

Two women programmers played a pivotal role in the birth of chaos theory. Their previously untold story illustrates the changing status of computation in science.
Nurse administering electroshock therapy to a patient.

The Troubled History of Psychiatry

Challenges to the legitimacy of the profession have forced it to examine itself. What, exactly, constitutes a mental disorder?

When Good Scientists Go Bad

Science doesn’t make you magically objective, and it’s not separate from the rest of human experience.
The Interface Message Processor that connected UCLA to ARPANET.

Communication Revolution

ARPANET and the development of the internet, 50 years later.
Pile of garbage.

The Curious History of Crap—From Space Junk to Actual Poop

We don't think much about where our waste goes, but the history of what we do with poop is also the history of how we grow food.

Jeff Bezos Dreams of a 1970s Future

If the sci-fi space cities of Bezos’s Blue Origin look familiar, it’s because they’re derived from the work of his college professor.

How the Bubonic Plague Almost Came to America

A Pompous Doctor, a Racist Bureaucracy, and More. From the book "Black Death at the Golden Gate".
Hillary Clinton speaking about early childhood development.

The Mismeasure of Minds

25 years later, The Bell Curve’s analysis of race and intelligence refuses to die.

Doctors Demanded Male Nurses During the Civil War. Clara Barton Defied Them.

The extraordinary woman known as the ‘Angel of the Battlefield’ eventually founded the Red Cross.
Black doctors.

The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors

A century ago, the Flexner Report led to the closure of 75% of U.S. medical schools. It still explains a lot about today’s unequal access to healthcare.

On Early 20th-Century America’s Unhealthy Fixation with ‘Hygiene’

Junk Science, paternalism, and a misplaced faith in 'expertise.'

How Mandatory Vaccination Fueled the Anti-Vaxxer Movement

To better understand the controversy over New York’s measles outbreak, you have to go back to the late 19th century.

The Tragedy of 'The Tragedy of the Commons'

The man who wrote one of environmentalism’s most-cited essays was a racist, eugenicist, nativist and Islamaphobe.

A Blizzard of Prescriptions

Three recent books explore different aspects of opiate addiction in America.

Historians Expose Early Scientists’ Debt to the Slave Trade

Key plant and animal specimens arrived in Europe on slavers’ ships
Children in a classroom in the 1950s.

How the Cold War Defined Scientific Freedom

The idea that liberal democracies shielded science from politics was always flawed.

Creationism, Noah’s Flood, and Race

For centuries, literalist interpretations of the Book of Genesis have fueled scientific racism and white supremacy.
Margaret Hamilton stands next to a stack of paper as tall as she is - the software she and her team produced for the Apollo project.

Margaret Hamilton Led the NASA Software Team That Landed Astronauts on the Moon

Apollo’s successful computing software was optimized to deal with unknown problems.