For the Fourth of July, plenty of Americans rush to their local superstore to buy flag-themed merchandise of all kinds. And, as historian Joanna Cohen writes, this is nothing new. During the Civil War, as the North was just beginning to emerge as a consumer society, patriots embraced store-bought goods as a way to heighten their emotional ties to the Union cause.
Cohen writes that, as the war began, white Northerners viewed the public’s patriotic feelings as a crucial part of the military effort. To cultivate this emotional commitment, they turned to Christianity, with its call for self-sacrifice, and to a merging of love for home and hearth with devotion to the nation. But some questioned whether Northern society had become too focused on a love of money and things to properly rise to the occasion. Attorney George Templeton Strong worried that the “spiritless, money worshiping North” lacked patriotism. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine editorialized that “Public spirit has been permitted to languish during a long period of money-making and self-indulgence.”
Soon, though, it became clear that consumerism could be a means of displaying patriotic sentiment. Most obviously, Cohen explains, individuals and businesses could fly the Stars and Stripes. Within weeks of the Confederate attack of Fort Sumter, the business districts of New York and Philadelphia were awash in American flags. At first, flags were typically handmade, but the level of demand meant that retailers quickly began stocking mass-produced ones—along with flag pins and Union-themed jewelry.
Some observers questioned the authenticity of the emotion behind these displays of patriotism, but others were moved by them. And some expressed more nuanced views. Jane Stuart Woolsey, a prominent New York supporter of the war, mocked women who wore “that fearful object of contemplation, a ‘Union bonnet’ composed of alternate layers of red, white and blue with streaming ribbons.” Yet she also described being moved by the sudden display of thousands of flags from city windows: “It seems as if we were never alive till now, never had a country till now. How could we ever have laughed at Fourth-of-Julys?”