Indian enslavement

The school was funded by colonial taxation of tobacco grown by forced labor on colonized Indian lands.

Tens of thousands of Indigenous people labored in bondage across the western United States in the 1800s.

A tribal collaborative project that seeks to understand settler colonialism and its legacies through the lens of Indigenous enslavement and unfreedom.

Two historians shed light on the atrocities of Native American enslavement and genocide.

Europeans didn’t just displace Native Americans — they enslaved them, on a scale historians are only beginning to fathom.

A new book investigates the indigenous Americans who were brought to or traveled to Europe in the 1500s—a story central to the beginning of globalization.

The genocide of Native Americans was nowhere more methodically savage than in California. A new state initiative seeks to reckon with this history.

A new book reverses the narrative of the Age of Discovery, which has long evoked the ambitions of Europeans looking to the Americas rather than vice versa.

Antebellum slaveholders weren't content with an economic and social system based on trafficking in human flesh in the South alone.

In a new book, historian Nicole Eustace reveals Indigenous calls for meaningful restitution and reconciliation rather than retribution.

The West and the nation need worthier, more honest memorials.

San Bernardino, California's early success rested on a pair of seemingly incongruous forces: Mormonism and slavery.

Social movements that have pushed for inclusion and equality in the South have often evaded or ignored the issue of Native land and sovereignty.

San Francisco 49ers fans may feel like their team name is less racist than the “Chiefs,” but given the history of the Gold Rush, they shouldn’t be so smug.

A new book explores California’s history through the experience of its Native peoples.

The Washington Post has compiled the first database of slaveholding members of Congress by examining thousands of census records and historical documents.

The life of Daniel Boone underlines how the North America of the era was a welter of conflict among and between natives and Europeans.

A review of “West of Slavery: The Southern Dream of a Transcontinental Empire."

Historical traces of racism and exclusion remain on the island. It’s just that new residents can’t—or won’t—read them.

The site offers rare evidence of interactions between de Soto and Indigenous people.