An African American group at the county convention of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in 1964.

Fannie Lou Hamer and the Civil Rights Movement in Rural Mississippi

A primary source set and teaching guide created by educators.
Endesha Ida Mae Holland in the documentary “Freedom on My Mind.

“Freedom on My Mind”: A Symphony of Voices for Civil Rights

This 1994 documentary brings the passions and agonies of Mississippi’s voter-registration drive into the present tense.
Bayard Rustin speaks from the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington.

Bayard Rustin Showed the Promise and Pitfalls of Coalition Politics

Bayard Rustin tried to forge a mass coalition to deliver progressive change. His failure to do so in the 1960s tells us much about building one today.
Bayard Rustin gestures at a zoning map.

Bayard Rustin: The Panthers Couldn’t Save Us Then Either

Rustin’s assessment of the lay of the political land was predicated on a no-nonsense understanding of the radicalism of the moment.

Fannie Lou Hamer's Dauntless Fight for Black Americans' Right to Vote

The activist did not learn about her right to vote until she was 44, but once she did, she vigorously fought for black voting rights

Sick and Tired

Fannie Lou Hamer was one of the most important civil rights icons. But her health issues show that racism isn't just a social disease, it's a physical one.
Civil Rights marchers with signs for equal rights, housing, and integrated schools.

How a Group of Black Activists Inspired Solidarity and Struggle in Mississippi

Freedom Summer in the segregationist heart of the Deep South.

"Until I Am Free"

An online roundtable on a new biography of Fannie Lou Hamer.
Heather Booth playing guitar for Fannie Lou Hamer.

Why Fannie Lou Hamer Endures

She’s mostly remembered for one famous speech. Her actual legacy is far greater than that.
Black and white photo of Fannie Lou Hamer in her rocking chair.

Why Fannie Lou Hamer’s Definition of "Freedom" Still Matters

The human rights activist and former sharecropper once said that “you are not free whether you are white or black, until I am free.”
A shack on Eastland's plantation, as it appeared in the 1964 film

He Risked His Life Filming A Mississippi Senator's Plantation In 1964

Fannie Lou Hamer is among the sharecroppers interviewed in this unauthorized documentary about the plantation of Dixiecrat James Eastland.
Civil rights era photo of young people protesting for voting rights in between black and white photos of black people lined up to vote

American Democracy Is Only 55 Years Old—And Hanging by a Thread

Black civil-rights activists—and especially Black women—delivered on the promise of the Founding. Their victories are in peril.

Why Bill Clinton Attacked Stokely Carmichael

Clinton disparaged Carmichael at John Lewis’s funeral. But Black radicalism speaks more to the present moment than Clinton’s centrist politics.

The Dual Defeat

Hubert Humphrey and the unmaking of Cold War liberalism.

SNCC Digital Gateway

A documentary website that tells the story of how young activists united with local people in the Deep South to build a grassroots movement that transformed the nation.
Kwame Ture at at a 1966 Mississippi Press Conference. Public Domain.
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Stokely Carmichael Interview

A field secretary of SNCC discusses the importance of maintaining political power inside communities at the county level.