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Image of the nine Scottsboro defendants, policemen, and a defense attorney

Reimagining the Public Defender

For the poor, who are disproportionately people of color, the criminal justice system in the United States is essentially a plea-and-probation system.
A courtroom in Milwaukee, 1930.

How Did We End Up With Our Current Public Defender System?

Without a more fundamental transformation of criminal law, public defenders often provide only a limited form of equality and fairness before the law.

The Socialist Origins of Public Defense

The right to public defense wasn’t granted by elites. It was won by socialist-led mass movements.
Strom Thurmond speaking to the Senate Judiciary Committee in favor of Ed Carnes' confirmation to the bench.

The Fight for Justice Starts with Blocking Judges Who Are “Tough on Crime”

The story of how Ed Carnes became a judge offers crucial lessons for those who hope to unwind the policies of mass incarceration.
The “Martinsville Seven,” a group of seven Black men executed in Virginia, 1951.

A Virginia the Martinsville Seven Could Not Have Imagined

Governor Ralph Northam pardoned seven young Black men put to death in 1951— a step forward in addressing Virginia's imperfect criminal justice system.

The Weight of History

A former Navy lawyer speaks about his decision to leak classified information on detainees at the infamous prison of Guantanamo.

A Brief Criminal History of the Mask

How a New York law on “masquerading” passed in the early nineteenth century has been used—and abused—in the decades since.

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