citizenship

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“All Persons Born or Naturalized in the United States...”

A collection of resources exploring the evolving meanings of American citizenship and how they have been applied -- or denied -- to different groups of Americans.

Can the Rodeo Save a Historic Black Town?

One woman’s quest to rescue Boley, Oklahoma.

by Caleb Gayle via The Atlantic on December 17, 2024

Birthright citizenship form, with infant footprints stamped in black ink, on fire.

The Plot Against Birthright Citizenship

The incoming Trump administration wants to take away citizenship for the US-born children of undocumented immigrants. Here’s how.

by Isabela Dias via Mother Jones on November 26, 2024

Nicholas Said, an African American Muslim in his Union Army uniform.

Fighting for Freedom: The Little-Known Story of Muslims and the Civil War

The stories of two Muslim immigrants who fought for the Union show that the American Civil War was an international fight.

via PBS on November 21, 2024

A Chinese American woman riveter at work.

Could “Rosie the Riveter” Be Chinese American?

Despite having their citizenship withheld before the war, Chinese American women in the Bay Area made significant contributions to the wartime labor force.

by H. M. A. Leow, Xiaojian Zhao via JSTOR Daily on November 9, 2024

A 1923 General Electric advertisement of a women standing over a light switch.

Using Women’s Suffrage to Sell Soup and Cereal

In the 1920s, advertisers tried to convince women to exercise their political power not only at the ballot box but also in the store.

by Einav Rabinovitch-Fox via The Saturday Evening Post on October 29, 2024

The Puerto Rican flag outside the Governor's residence in San Juan.

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The Catch-22 of Puerto Rico's Status Referendum

When Puerto Ricans go to the polls, they can express their choice for several status options for the island.

by Christina D. Ponsa-Kraus via Made By History on October 11, 2024

Sadness of the Paper Son: The Travails of Asian Immigration to the U.S.

Despite the Chinese Exclusion Act, about 300,000 Chinese gained admission to the U.S. between 1882 and 1943. How did they do it?

by Ryan Reft via Tropics of Meta on October 3, 2024

Migrants, a family of Mexicans, on the road with tire trouble in California in 1936.

Over 1 Million Were Deported to Mexico Nearly 100 Years Ago. Most of Them Were US Citizens.

A new California bill would commemorate 'a dark part of our American history' known as the Mexican 'repatriation' of the 1930s.

by Tyche Hendricks via KQED on August 29, 2024

C. G. Garrett photographed with five Black contemporaries outside of a building in Columbia, South Carolina.

Riding With Mr. Washington

How my great-grandfather invented himself at the end of Reconstruction.

by David Nicholson via The American Scholar on August 22, 2024

Some attendees of the Republican National Convention hold "Mass Deportation Now" signs on July 17, 2024 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Trump’s Massive Deportation Plan Echoes Concentration Camp History

Trump’s language about immigrants “poisoning” the U.S. repeats past rhetoric that led to civilian detention camps, with horrific, tragic results.

by Andrea Pitzer via Scientific American on July 23, 2024

A group of Black women in swimsuits and caps gather in a group in a pool.

The Intimacy of Exercise: Sensuality and Sexuality in Black Women’s Fitness History

How did the sensuality, sexuality, and homosociality of exercise create intimate possibilities for Black women in postwar America?

by Ava Purkiss via Nursing Clio on July 3, 2024

Éamon de Valera, shown between 1918 and 1920, around the time he escaped from prison. He later became prime minister and president of Ireland.

The New York-Born Politician Who Was Convicted, then Became President

Éamon de Valera was accused of attempting an armed uprising against the government. Then he made a daring jailbreak, and later became president of Ireland.

by George Bass via Retropolis on June 9, 2024

An advertisement for the sale of Indian land by the US Department of the Interior, 1911.

A Legacy of Plunder

In its reexamination of narratives about the expropriation of Native land, Michael Witgen’s work changes how Native people are in the arc of American history.

by Francisco Cantú via New York Review of Books on May 30, 2024

1882 newspaper headline following the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act.

The 100-Year-Old Racist Law that Broke America’s Immigration System

The legacy of the Immigration Act of 1924 and the launching of the Border Patrol, which inaugurated the most restrictive era of US immigration until our own.

by Mae Ngai via Public Books on May 28, 2024

Wong Gin Foo to Wong Kim (in Chinese), March 31, 1930.

Paper Sons in the Era of Immigration Restriction

Chinese immigration and the Immigration Act of 1924.

by Ryan Reft via Library of Congress Blog on May 23, 2024

A U.S. Border Patrol vehicle in front of a section of the U.S.-Mexico border fence near Ocotillo, Calif., on Sept. 13.

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The Myth of ‘Open Borders’

Even before the United States regulated migration, states did. Here’s why.

by Anna O. Law via Made By History on March 23, 2024

Birth of the Corporate Person

The defining of corporations as legal “persons” entitled to Fourteenth Amendment rights got a leg up from the fight over a California anti-Chinese immigrant law.

by Evelyn Atkinson, Matthew Wills via JSTOR Daily on March 16, 2024

Spectators and witnesses at the trial for a case involving an automobile accident, Oxford, North Carolina, 1939.

A ‘Wary Faith’ in the Courts

A groundbreaking new book demonstrates that even during the days of slavery, African Americans knew a lot more about legal principles than has been imagined.

by Eric Foner via New York Review of Books on March 14, 2024

Mural of Harriet Tubman with arm outstretched

Harriet Tubman and the Most Important, Understudied Battle of the Civil War

Edda L. Fields-Black sets out to restore the Combahee River Raid to its proper place in Tubman’s life and in the war on slavery.

by Eric Herschthal via The New Republic on February 23, 2024

Ambrotype of African American Woman with Flag—believed to be a washerwoman for Union troops quartered outside Richmond, Virginia

Home Front: Black Women Unionists in the Confederacy

The resistance and unionism of enslaved and freed Black women in the midst of the Confederacy is an epic story of sacrifice for nation and citizenship.

by Thavolia Glymph, Matthew Wills via JSTOR Daily on February 4, 2024

Lagoon in Majuro Atoll with tropical trees in the background and a rainbow in the sky

On the Map

The flag of Bikini Atoll looks a lot like the American flag. It has the same red and white stripes. The resemblance is intentional.

by Carleigh Beriont via Process: A Blog for American History on December 12, 2023

Cutouts of Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Dent Grant in front of slave quarters.

Unraveling Ulysses S. Grant's Complex Relationship With Slavery

The Union general directly benefited from the brutal institution before and during the Civil War.

by John Reeves via Smithsonian on December 5, 2023

Jewish Leaders a Century Ago Had Complicated Feelings About Israel

Fierce disagreements over Zionism have played out from the movement’s inception among Jews, including community leaders who worried it would spark antisemitism.

by Daniel Schulman via Retropolis on November 19, 2023

Surviving a Wretched State

A discussion on the difficulty of keeping faith in a foundationally anti-Black republic.

by Melvin L. Rogers, Neil Roberts via Boston Review on November 15, 2023

Searching for the Perfect Republic

On the 14th amendment – and if it might stop Trump.

by Eric Foner, Ted Widmer via The Guardian on November 15, 2023

'Are You Still Living?'

Who is counted by the census, how, and for what purpose, has changed a lot since 1790.

by Kasia Boddy via London Review of Books on October 19, 2023

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