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Watercolor of Abraham Lincoln with soldiers in swirls of red across his face.

Abraham Lincoln’s Radical Moderation

What the president understood that the zealous Republican reformers in Congress didn’t.
African-American cowboys in Bonham, Texas, circa 1913

The Real Texas

What is Texas? Should we even think about so large and diverse a place as having an essence that can be distilled?
Fort Benning under construction.

Why is the Army Still Honoring Confederate Generals?

Confederate Statues aren't the only reminder of the Civil War - the US Army still has major bases named for Confederate soldiers.
Statue of Ulysses Grant

Moral Courage and the Civil War

Monuments ask us to look at the past, but how they do it exposes crucial aspects of the present.

Conservatives Say We've Abandoned Reason and Civility. The Old South Said That, Too

The ‘reasonable’ right’s persecution rhetoric echoes the Confederacy’s defense of slavery.

How Slavery Shaped American Capitalism

The New York Times is right that slavery made a major contribution to capitalist development in the United States — just not in the way they imagine.
Cotton field.

How The 1619 Project Rehabilitates the ‘King Cotton’ Thesis

The New York Times’ series on slavery relies on bad scholarship to make an argument with an inauspicious history.

California’s Forgotten Confederate History

Why was the Golden State once chock-full of memorials to the Southern rebels?
The Turtle Submarine
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The Submerged History of the Submarine

Submarines played a major role in WW I. But the first submersible was actually used, unsuccessfully, in the Revolutionary War.

The Class Politics of the Civil War

By naming a common enemy the Union Army was able to build and then steer a coalition of Americans toward the systematic destruction of slavery.

Harriet Tubman’s Daring Civil War Raid

Abolishing slavery wasn’t enough. Someone had to actually free the enslaved people of the American south.
Lithograph by Winslow Homer titled "Thanksgiving Day in the Army" depicting soldiers pulling apart a wishbone.

A Confederate Curriculum

How Miss Millie taught the Civil War.

The South Only Embraced States' Rights as It Lost Control of the Federal Government

For decades, slaveholders were powerfully committed to the Union. That changed when Washington stopped protecting their interests.

A Senator Speaks Out Against Confederate Monuments… in 1910

Alone in his stand, Weldon Heyburn despised that Robert E. Lee would be memorialized with a statue in the U.S. Capitol
The Old House Chamber has been used as National Statuary Hall since July 1864.

A Senator Speaks Out Against Confederate Monuments… in 1910

Alone in his stand, Weldon Heyburn despised that Robert E. Lee would be memorialized with a statue in the U.S. Capitol.

Empty Pedestals

What should be done with civic monuments to the Confederacy and its leaders?

History is Not There to be Liked: On Historical Memory, Real and Fake

Historians have the uncomfortable role of shattering people’s memories.
Civil War re-enactors at the Bentonville Battlefield in Four Oaks, N.C., March 21, 2015.

After Charlottesville, New Shades of Gray in a Changing South

Celebrations of the Confederacy have steadily ebbed, and the recent confrontations will accelerate this retreat among all but the extremists.
Microphone hovers over a portrait of George Washington.
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What Trump — And His Critics — Get Wrong About George Washington and Robert E. Lee

The two men owned slaves — but at vastly different moments in American history.
W. E. B. DuBois testifying to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

No Excuses for a Racist Murderer

A 1928 essay by W.E.B. DuBois on the legacy of Robert E. Lee.

Charlottesville and the Mississippi Flag

A group of historians takes a stand for the removal of the Confederate emblem from their state's flag.

Charlottesville: Why Jefferson Matters

Annette Gordon-Reed explores the ways in which the many paradoxes of Jefferson make him a potent figure for racists and anti-racists alike.

Regime Change in Charlottesville

If you understand why that Civil War statue really went up, the debate over removing it looks a lot different.

Lynching in America

A new digital exhibit confronts the legacy of racial terror.

The Confederate Flag Largely Disappeared after the Civil War

The fight against civil rights brought it back.

What Richmond Has Gotten Right About Interpreting its Confederate History

Why hasn't Richmond faced the same controversies as New Orleans or Charlottesville?
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The Battle Over Confederate Heritage Month

A Southern governor proclaimed April Confederate Heritage Month. Will slavery be mentioned?
Silent film depiction of Baldknobbers in masks crouching by a train track.

Self-Righteous Devils: What Ozark Vigilantes of the 1880s Reveal About Modern America

The story of the Bald Knobbers is a terrifying parable about what happens when government fails and violence reigns.

Reasserting White Supremacy

South Carolina’s Ben Tillman and the 2016 presidential election.
Side by side photos of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Donald Trump.

How Republicans Went From the Party of Lincoln to the Party of Trump, in 13 Maps

It's been a remarkable transformation over 162 years.

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