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A picture of Bill Russell

Racism Is Not a Historical Footnote

Without justice for all, none of us are free.

For the First Time, America May Have an Anti-Racist Majority

Not since Reconstruction has there been such an opportunity for the advancement of racial justice.
Malcolm X

The Day Malcolm X Was Killed

At the height of his powers, the Black Nationalist leader was assassinated, and the government botched the investigation of his murder.
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Women's Clubs and the "Lost Cause"

Women's clubs were popular after the Civil War among white and Black women. But white clubwomen used their influence to ingrain racist curriculum in schools.
Lithograph depicting police attacking African Americans in New Orleans, 1874

On Riots and Resistance

Exploring freedpeople’s struggle against police brutality during Reconstruction.

Will The Reckoning Over Racist Names Include These Prisons?

Many prisons, especially in the South, are named after racist officials and former plantations.
A campaign illustration supporting Ulysses S. Grant for the Election of 1868.

A World “Transfixed”: The International Resonance of American Political Crises

The world's eyes are upon America as it struggles with racism and inequality. This is nothing new.
John F. Kennedy signing a copy of "Profiles in Courage" for a young man.

J.F.K.’s “Profiles in Courage” Has a Racism Problem. What Should We Do About It?

Kennedy defined courage as a willingness to take an unpopular stand in service of a larger, higher cause. But what cause?

Will MLB Confront Its Racist History?

The controversy over buildings, statues, and awards honoring racists has finally reached the baseball establishment.
A campaign illustration featuring busts of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson over festoons featuring eagles, smoke, and the American flag.

Andrew Johnson’s Abuse of Pardons Was Relentless

Worried that the presidential power to undo convictions can be taken too far? Look no further than Lincoln’s successor.
An outline of the United States filled with black figures who are outlined by a continuous white line.

"Other": A Brief History of American Xenophobia

The United States often touts itself as a "nation of immigrants," but this obscures the real story.
People raising their fists and gathered around the Robert E. Lee Memorial in Richmond, Virginia

Europe in 1989, America in 2020, and the Death of the Lost Cause

A whole vision of history seems to be leaving the stage.
A statue of a woman and two children, with the photo taken at twilight with the moon in the background.

Mary McLeod Bethune Was at the Vanguard of More Than 50 Years of Black Progress

Winning the vote for women was a mighty struggle. Securing full liberation for women of color was no less daunting

The Power of Empty Pedestals

After Governor Northam announced its removal, two Richmond historians reflect on the legacy of the Lee Monument.
Youth members of a German-American Bund camp raising a flag, 1934.

American Fascism: It Has Happened Here

Americans of the interwar period were perfectly clear about one fact we have lost sight of today: all fascism is indigenous, by definition.
Flannery O'Connor standing outside at her Georgia home.

How Racist Was Flannery O’Connor?

She has become an icon of American letters. Now readers are reckoning with another side of her legacy.
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Ye Olde Morality-Enforcement Brigades

The charivari (or shivaree) was a ritual in which people on the lower rungs of a community called out neighbors who violated social and sexual norms.

My Grandfather Participated in One of America’s Deadliest Racial Conflicts

J. Chester Johnson on the Elaine Race Massacre of 1919.
Illustration of a mob of white men burning down a building.

What a White-Supremacist Coup Looks Like

In Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1898, the victory of racial prejudice over democratic principle and the rule of law was unnervingly complete.
Illustration of a woman taping crime scene photos, reports, and newspaper articles to a wall.

The Hidden Life of Rosa Parks

A woman who repeatedly challenged racial violence and the prejudiced systems protecting its perpetrators.

Birmingham’s ‘Fifth Girl’

Sarah Collins Rudolph survived the 1963 church bombing that killed her sister and three other girls. She's still waiting on restitution and an apology.

Did Medgar Evers’ Killer Go Free Because of Jury Tampering?

Jerry Mitchell revisits a dark episode in the struggle for civil rights.

Lynching Preachers: How Black Pastors Resisted Jim Crow and White Pastors Incited Racial Violence

Religion was no barrier for Southern lynch mobs intent on terror.

The Great Debate: Martin Luther King, Jr. vs Robert F. Williams

In 1959 there was a public debate on violence vs nonviolence in the pages of The Liberator magazine between Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Williams.
Edmund G. Ross.

Mike Pence’s Impeachment Hero Is a Corrupt 19th Century Politician

An historian debunks the vice president’s op-ed.

The Broken Road of Peggy Wallace Kennedy

All white Southerners live with the sins of their fathers. But what if your dad was one of the most famous segregationists in history?

An Unfinished Revolution

A new three-part PBS documentary explores the failure of Reconstruction and the Redemption of the South.
Fort Benning under construction.

Why is the Army Still Honoring Confederate Generals?

Confederate Statues aren't the only reminder of the Civil War - the US Army still has major bases named for Confederate soldiers.

Reflections on a Silent Soldier

After the television cameras went away, a North Carolina city debated the future of its toppled Confederate statue.

White Power

A review of two recent books about white paramilitarism in the wake of the Cold War.

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