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A line of prison laborers by a railroad.

“One Continuous Graveyard”: Emancipation and the Birth of the Professional Police Force

After emancipation, prison labor replaced slavery as a way for white Southerners to enforce a racial hierarchy.

Land and The Roots of African-American Poverty

Land redistribution could have served as the primary means of reparations for former slaves. Instead, it did exactly the opposite.

K Troop

The untold story of the eradication of the original Ku Klux Klan.

The Birth of the Ku Klux Brand

A new book re-traces the origins of the 19th-century KKK, which began as a social club before swiftly moving to murder.

How Hillary Clinton Got On The Wrong Side of Liberals' Changing Theory of American History

What she doesn't get about race and the Civil War.

Hillary Clinton Goes Back to the Dunning School

How do you diagnose the problem of racism in America without understanding its actual history?
The Liberty Place monument surrounded by streetcars and pedestrians in the early twentieth century.

Why the New Orleans Vote on Confederate Monuments Matters

The city council decides to remove four memorials that offered a distorted picture of the city’s past.
Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson Was Extremely Racist — Even By the Standards of His Time

He called black people "an ignorant and inferior race," and it gets worse.
Lithograph of Freedman's Bureau official separating freedmen from hostile whites.

The Freedmen's Bureau

A primary source set and teaching guide created by educators.

Remembering President Wilson's Purge of Black Federal Workers

Woodrow Wilson arrived at the White House determined to eliminate the gains African-Americans made during Reconstruction.

The Hidden History Of Juneteenth

The internecine conflict and the institution of slavery could not and did not end neatly at Appomattox or on Galveston Island.

The Civil War Isn’t Over

More than 150 years after Appomattox, Americans are still fighting over the great issues at the heart of the conflict.
Scene from Birth of a Nation.

“A Public Menace”

How the fight to ban "The Birth of a Nation" shaped the nascent civil rights movement.
Photo of Jimmy Lee Jackson.

The Killing of Jimmie Lee Jackson

How a post-Civil War massacre impacted racial justice in America.

Though The Heavens Fall, Part 1

The Texan newspaperman who was born into slavery and helped shape the history of civil rights.

How Watermelons Became a Racist Trope

Before its subversion in the Jim Crow era, the fruit symbolized black self-sufficiency.
Portrait of W.E.B. Du Bois.

Who Was W.E.B. Du Bois?

A review of "Lines of Descent: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Emergence of Identity," by Kwame Anthony Appiah.

Lincoln and Marx

The transatlantic convergence of two revolutionaries.
partner

How Suffering Shaped Emancipation

Jim Downs discusses the plight of freed slaves during the Civil War and Reconstruction.

The Colfax Riot

Stumbling on a forgotten Reconstruction tragedy, in a forgotten corner of Louisiana.
Circus Sideshow, by Georges Seurat, 1887–88.

Unforgettable

W.E.B. Du Bois on the beauty of sorrow songs.
Henry McNeal Turner.

Am I a Man?: The Fiery 1868 Speech By An Expelled Black Legislator In Georgia

The expulsion of two Black lawmakers from the Tennessee House recalls an earlier expulsion of dozens of Black lawmakers from Georgia's General Assembly.
Civil War soldiers on the cover of James Marten's book "The Sixth Wisconsin"

Ancestry.com and the Long Civil War

The sad remnants of a soldier’s life revealed through probate and Ancestry offer a moving glimpse into the afterlife of Civil War service.
Woodrow Wilson and a panel of red stars.

Surviving Bad Presidents

What the Constitution asks of us.
Pope Leo XIV in front of a crowd.

Pope Leo XIV’s Link to Haiti is Part of a Broader American Story of Race, Citizenship and Migration

Repelled by American racism, thousands of free people of color bounced between New Orleans and Haiti in the 19th century.
African American baseball team photo.

How Baseball Shaped Black Communities in Reconstruction-Era America

On the early history of Black participation in America's pastime.
Abraham Lincoln

Was the Civil War Inevitable?

Before Lincoln turned the idea of “the Union” into a cause worth dying for, he tried other means of ending slavery in America.
English looking at the word "croatoan" carved in a tree.

The Lingering Mystery of the 'Lost Colony' of Roanoke

From historians to horror writers to white nationalists, attempts to explain the settlement's fate reveal a great deal about our own attitudes.
A U.S. Postal Service employee loading a van with mail.

How Mail Delivery Has Shaped America

The United States Postal Service is under federal scrutiny. It’s not the first time.
Erased chalkboard in empty classroom

Cruel to Your School

Public education is meant to be a great equalizer. That’s why Trump wants to do undo it.

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