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Francis Bellamy

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When Is a Nazi Salute Not a Nazi Salute?

Were the celebrities in this 1941 photograph making a patriotic gesture or paying their respects to Hitler?

by Matt Seaton via New York Review of Books on July 25, 2020

Students from Ramstein Middle School recite Pledge of Allegiance during a Sep. 11 commemoration ceremony

Why Do We Pledge Allegiance?

Few democracies require children to make a daily declaration of fealty to country.

by Jack David Eller via Boston Review on September 6, 2018

The Ugly History of the Pledge of Allegiance — and Why it Matters

Requiring displays of patriotism have often been tied to nativism and bigotry.

by Christopher F. Petrella via Made By History on November 3, 2017

The Pledge of Allegiance's Creepy Past

Seventy-four years ago today, lawmakers passed an amendment to the U.S. Flag Code.

by Stephen A. Smith, Jordan G Teicher, Cecilia O'Leary, Tony Platt, Mary Tierney Coutts, Laura Bell Everett via JSTOR Daily on December 22, 2016

I Pledge . . . Allegiance?

American law says schools must honor the Pledge of Allegiance. Schools may have other plans.

by Maggie Phillips via Arc: Religion, Politics, Et Cetera on February 4, 2025

Painting from 1784 of Romans doing a straight-armed salute.

The Revisionist History of the Nazi Salute

Elon Musk’s defenders were quick to claim that his hand motion was actually an ancient “Roman salute” — but that gesture never existed.

by Sarah E. Bond, Stephanie Wong via Hyperallergic on January 22, 2025

Eugene Debs speaking to a crowd.

A Brief History of American Socialism

A look at socialism’s far-reaching influence on American thought.

by Michael Kazin via Literary Hub on January 5, 2023

Illustration of armed men in a large mob surrounding Orleans Parish Prison

The First Columbus Day Was Born of Violence — And Political Calculation

President Benjamin Harrison promoted the holiday after a mob killed 11 Italian Americans and set off a diplomatic crisis.

by Ronald G. Shafer via Retropolis on October 10, 2021

Men looking at conservative publications spread across a table

My Father and the Birth of Modern Conservatism

The inspiration for the 1964 “Extremism in the defense of liberty” speech he wrote for Barry Goldwater.

by Philip Jaffa via The Bulwark on September 30, 2021

Drawing of "Uncle Sam," a common national personification of the U.S., crouched over a church. He appears to be listening to what is going on inside.

Under God

Our secular government is all tangled up with God. How did we get here?

by Jackie Roche via The Nib on November 30, 2018

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