inclusion/exclusion

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“All Persons Born or Naturalized in the United States...”

A collection of resources exploring the evolving meanings of American citizenship and how they have been applied -- or denied -- to different groups of Americans.

Aerial photograph of the San Fernando Valley in 1953.

How Los Angeles Pioneered the Residential Segregation That Helped Divide America

After real estate agents invented racial covenants in the early 1900s, L.A. led the nation in using them. Their idea of 'freedom' shapes the U.S. today.

by Gene Slater via Los Angeles Times on September 10, 2021

A small cabin in the woods; Laird Sutton, a man with a thick white beard.

The Last Glimpses of California's Vanishing Hippie Utopias

A legion of idealists dropped out of society and went back to the land. Here's a glimpse of their otherworldly residences—and the end of the social experiment.

by David Jacob Kramer via GQ on September 9, 2021

She Asked President Woodrow Wilson For 22 Suffrage "Favors." She Got 21.

Wilson became a great supporter of the 19th Amendment, but only because he worked alongside a woman who spoke his language.

by Kimberly A. Hamlin via Study Marry Kill on August 18, 2021

The United States Is Not “a Nation of Immigrants”

Celebrations of multiculturalism obscure the country’s settler colonial history—and the role that immigrants play in perpetuating it.

by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz via Boston Review on August 12, 2021

Which is Better: School Integration or Separate, Black-Controlled Schools?

Historical perspective on school integration.

by Zoë Burkholder via OUPblog on August 11, 2021

The Anti-Asian Roots of Today’s Anti-Immigrant Politics

Long before Trump, politicians on the country’s West Coast mobilized a white working-class base through violent hate of Chinese and Japanese immigrants.

by Mari Uyehara via The Nation on August 9, 2021

Phraseology and the "Fourteenth Colony"

There have been at least eight provinces in British North America labeled the "fourteenth colony." They cannot all claim the same title.

by George Kotlik via Journal of the American Revolution on August 4, 2021

Autobiography with Scholarly Trimmings

Even as they tell others’ stories, historians often write about their own lives.

by Zachary M. Schrag via Perspectives on History on July 13, 2021

All That’s Utopian Melts Into Asphalt

Utopia Parkway, which slices through the most diverse borough in New York, began as a dream of cooperative housing for poor Jewish immigrants.

by Molly Crabapple via The Nation on July 10, 2021

Lithograph of two men shooting one man on the ground

The Young America Movement and the Crisis of Household Politics

In the 19th century, freedom from government interference mapped onto opposition of women's rights.

by Mark Power Smith via The Panorama on July 7, 2021

The Hidden Stakes of the Infrastructure Wars

The fight over the American Jobs Plan reflects a long history of competing visions of public works—and, most of all, who should benefit from rebuilding.

by David Alff via Boston Review on June 25, 2021

An African American woman standing on a porch with three young children

The House Archives Built

How racial hierarchies are embedded within the archival standards and practices that legitimize historical memory.

by Dorothy Berry via up//root on June 22, 2021

The Gilded Age’s Democratic Contradictions

How the late 19th century’s raucous party system gave way to a sedate and exclusionary political culture that erected more and more barriers to participation.

by Eric Foner via The Nation on June 1, 2021

Destruction from the Tulsa Race Massacre, 1921.

Reflections on the Artifacts Left Behind From the Tulsa Race Massacre

Objects and documents, says the Smithsonian historian Paul Gardullo, offer a profound opportunity for reckoning with a past that still lingers.

by Paul Gardullo via Smithsonian Magazine on May 24, 2021

Johnny Cash visiting his childhood home in Dyess, Arkansas.

Down in Dyess

Johnny Cash's life in a collectivist colony during the Great Depression.

by Ben Nadler via Contingent on May 19, 2021

Bayard Rustin, A. Philip Randolph, and John Morsell hold a press conference in 1963

A Vision of Racial and Economic Justice

A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin knew the fates of the civil rights and labor movements were intertwined. The same is true today.

by Norman Hill, Velma Murphy Hill via Dissent on May 19, 2021

American Progress by John Gast, 1872. Painting depicting an angel hovering above white settlers heading west.

On Nostalgia and Colonialism on the New Oregon Trail

What does it mean to reform a game based on a violent history of land theft and appropriation?

by T. J. Tallie via Hyperallergic on May 16, 2021

Painting of a bride cutting cake surrounded by guests at 19th century wedding

A Brief History of the New York Times Wedding Announcements

Cate Doty on the evolution of a society mainstay.

by Cate Doty via Literary Hub on May 14, 2021

African American men in suits, sitting outside of a drugstore

The Game Is Changing for Historians of Black America

For centuries, stories of Black communities have been limited by racism in the historical record. Now we can finally follow the trails they left behind.

by William Sturkey via The Atlantic on May 4, 2021

Confederate Monuments in Cemeteries, Reminders That We Cannot All Rest In Peace

For people of color in particular, cemeteries can be a cruel reminders of trauma both past and present.

by Sandra Baker via Rad Death Blog on May 3, 2021

Puritans watching a May Day celebration.

The Pilgrims' Attack on a May Day Celebration Was a Dress Rehearsal for Removing Native Americans

The Puritans had little tolerance for those who didn't conform to their vision of the world.

by Peter C. Mancall via The Conversation on April 29, 2021

Abolishing the Suburbs

On Kyle Riismandel’s “Neighborhood of Fear: The Suburban Crisis in American Culture, 1975–2001.”

by David Helps via Los Angeles Review of Books on April 13, 2021

The cover of Black Software by Charlton D. McIlwain, depicting a raised fist against a green background.

Alternative Internets and Their Lost Histories

What has been gained and lost from overlooking histories about the wild heterogeneity of networks that existed for well over a century?

by Lori Emerson via Los Angeles Review of Books on April 12, 2021

Is It Time to Cancel FDR?

Today’s progressives are children of the old Republican Party, not the New Deal Democrats. Roosevelt and his followers stood for nearly everything they oppose.

by Michael Lind via Tablet on April 11, 2021

Black and white photo of poet John Berryman having a beer and a conversation with a group of men

‘The Roots of Our Madness’

John Berryman's Dream Songs made explicit the racialization of American poetry's turn—and the whiteness of lyric tradition.

by Kamran Javadizadeh via New York Review of Books on April 8, 2021

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Government Has Always Picked Winners and Losers

A welfare state doesn't distort the market; it just makes government aid fairer.

by David M. P. Freund via Made By History on March 29, 2021

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