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Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921

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Sticker showing the slogan: "Reparations Now!" and photo of Tulsa burning.

What’s Really at Stake in The Tulsa Race Massacre Reparations Trial

With over 100 lawsuits dismissed, a last-ditch effort is underway to force the city to put into legal record what happened after that day.
by Caleb Gayle via The Emancipator on May 21, 2024
Tulsa, Oklahoma on fire during the Tulsa Massacre.

How World War I Inspired Black Americans to Fight for Dignity at Home

The war marked a sea change in how black men viewed their own citizenship.
by Victor Luckerson via Literary Hub on June 1, 2023
Tulsa after race massacre

The Tulsa Race Massacre Went Way Beyond “Black Wall Street”

Most Black Tulsans in 1921 were working class. But these days, it seems like the fate of those few blocks in and around “Black Wall Street” is all that matters.
by Robin D. G. Kelley, George Yancy via Truthout on June 1, 2021
Greenwood in ruins after the Tulsa Race Massacre

The Women Who Preserved the Story of the Tulsa Race Massacre

Two pioneering Black writers have not received the recognition they deserve for chronicling one of the country’s gravest crimes.
by Victor Luckerson via The New Yorker on May 28, 2021
A black man surveying destroyed property

B.C. Franklin and the Tulsa Massacre: A Triracial History

The life of Tulsa attorney B.C. Franklin is a testament to the triracial history of the West.
by Alaina E. Roberts via Perspectives on History on May 26, 2021
Newspapers

Skewed View of Tulsa Race Massacre Started on Day 1 With 'The Story That Set Tulsa Ablaze'

A Tulsa Tribune newspaper story of an alleged assault attempt helped instigate the Tulsa Race Massacre, leaving hundreds dead along Black Wall Street.
by Dave Cathey via The Oklahoman on May 26, 2021
Refugees after Tulsa Race Massacre

How 24 Hours of Racist Violence Caused Decades of Harm

A century after a white mob attacked a thriving Black community in Tulsa, digitized census records are bringing the economic damage into clearer focus.
by Jeremy Cook, Jason Long via The Atlantic on May 24, 2021
Destruction from the Tulsa Race Massacre, 1921.

Reflections on the Artifacts Left Behind From the Tulsa Race Massacre

Objects and documents, says the Smithsonian historian Paul Gardullo, offer a profound opportunity for reckoning with a past that still lingers.
by Paul Gardullo via Smithsonian on May 24, 2021
Survivors of the massacre looking through ruble

Photographing the Tulsa Massacre of 1921

Karlos K. Hill investigates the disturbing photographic legacy of the Tulsa massacre and the resilience of Black Wall Street’s residents.
by Karlos K. Hill via The Public Domain Review on May 21, 2021

The Neighborhood Fighting Not to Be Forgotten

One hundred years after the Tulsa Race Massacre, community members still can’t get the federal government to recognize Greenwood’s significance.
by Caleb Gayle via The Atlantic on May 12, 2021

Watching “Watchmen” as a Descendant of the Tulsa Race Massacre

Who should be allowed to profit from depictions of traumatic events in Black history?
by Victor Luckerson via The New Yorker on September 20, 2020

The Destruction of Black Wall Street

Tulsa’s Greenwood neighborhood was a prosperous center of Black wealth. Until a white mob wiped it out.
by Chelsea Saunders via The Nib on February 4, 2019

‘They Was Killing Black People’: A Century-Old Race Massacre Still Haunts Tulsa

Even as Black Wall Street gentrifies, unresolved questions remain about one of the worst episodes of racial violence in U.S. history.
by DaNeen L. Brown via Washington Post on September 28, 2018

Black Wall Street: The African American Haven That Burned and Then Rose From the Ashes

The story of Tulsa, Oklahoma’s Greenwood district isn’t well known, but it has never been told in a manner worthy of its importance.
by Victor Luckerson via The Ringer on June 28, 2018

Meet The Last Surviving Witness to the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921

Olivia Hooker was 6 at the time of the riot, considered to be one of the worst incidents of racial violence in U.S. history.
by Nellie Gilles via NPR on May 31, 2018

The Devastation of Black Wall Street

Racial violence destroyed an affluent African-American community, seen as a threat to white-dominated American capitalism.
by Kimberly Fain via JSTOR Daily on July 5, 2017

Long-Lost Manuscript Has a Searing Eyewitness Account of Tulsa Race Massacre

A lawyer details the attack by hundreds of whites on the black neighborhood where hundreds died 95 years ago.
by Allison Keyes via Smithsonian on May 27, 2016
A man standing in the rubble that was his home before the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. The front of the postcard contains a printed caption stating, "All That Was Left of His Home After the Tulsa Race Riot, 6-1-1921."

Tulsa, 1921

On the 100th anniversary of the riot in that city, we commemorate the report written for this magazine by a remarkable journalist.
by Walter Francis White, Russell Cobb via The Nation on June 15, 1921

What Happens When You Try to Make History Vanish?

The White House’s decision to delete a DOJ database of Jan. 6 cases puts those who seek to preserve the historical record in direct opposition to their own government.
by Alec MacGillis via ProPublica on February 6, 2025
A senior quote from Bookter T. Washington High School 1921 yearbook.

The Myth of the Christian State

When religion became the veil for racial violence in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
by Ross D. Johnson via The Oklahoma Eagle on August 18, 2024
The city of Tulsa, with smoke billowing above the Black neighborhood of Greenwood

Burned from the Land: How 60 Years of Racial Violence Shaped America

The Tulsa race massacre of 1921 was one of the worst acts of racial violence in American history. It was also part of a larger pattern across the country.
by Tami Luhby, Breeanna Hare, Channon Hodge via CNN on May 30, 2021
Photographs from Tulsa shaped into a three-dimensional sculpture.

The Unrealized Promise of Oklahoma

How the push for statehood led a beacon of racial progress to oppression and violence.
by Victor Luckerson via Smithsonian on March 17, 2021

The Republican President who Called for Racial Justice in America After Tulsa Massacre

Warren G. Harding’s comments about race and equality were remarkable for 1921.
by James D. Robenalt via Retropolis on June 21, 2020

The Racial Wealth Gap and the Problem of Historical Narration

The roots of inequality run a lot deeper than is often acknowledged.
by Destin Jenkins via Process: A Blog for American History on June 27, 2017
Drawings of Sadie James and Charles Page over a map of Tulsa, Oklahoma.

The True Story of Tulsa’s Forgotten Antihero, Sadie James

And a walk downtown in search of her saloon, the Bucket of Blood.
by Russell Cobb via The Pickup on January 23, 2025

Can the Rodeo Save a Historic Black Town?

One woman’s quest to rescue Boley, Oklahoma.
by Caleb Gayle via The Atlantic on December 17, 2024
Phil Little Thunder, a great-great-grandchild of the Lakota chief whose village was attacked in 1855.

How Recovering the History of a Little-Known Lakota Massacre Could Heal Generational Pain

The unraveling of this long-buried atrocity is forging a path toward reconciliation.
by Tim Madigan via Smithsonian on October 22, 2024
Greenwood District, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Class, Race, and the Formation of Urban Black Communities

A review of three new studies about how race and class intersect.
by Randal Maurice Jelks via The Common Reader on February 21, 2024
A view of Greenwood Avenue before it was destroyed in the 1921 race massacre.

What Really Caused the Destruction of Tulsa’s ‘Black Wall Street’

What happened after the destruction of Greenwood, once home to some of the wealthiest African Americans in the US.
by Brentin Mock, Victor Luckerson via CityLab on May 30, 2023
People walk amid the destruction in Rosewood.

How History Forgot Rosewood, a Black Town Razed by a White Mob

A century ago, a false accusation sparked the destruction of the Florida community.
by Craig Pittman via Smithsonian on January 4, 2023
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