Justice

His experiences with racism and golf, from death threats in Memphis to breaking the sporting color barrier in South Africa.

Olympic track and field athlete reflects on the exclusion of African Americans from professional sports and the role his brother Jackie played in changing that.

On inclusion of African American athletes in college sports.

On traveling through the Jim Crow south as the sole Black athlete on a baseball team.

Though best known for his dedication to civil rights as Chief Justice, Earl Warren was a key figure behind Japanese internment in California - and stood by it.

James Baldwin's dispatch from MLK's funeral foreshadowed an America we may never escape.

Confessions of an FBI special agent.

Since we live in an age in which silence is not only criminal but suicidal, I have been making as much noise as I can.

Native peoples face similar struggles with the federal governments in the U.S. and in Canada.

What is it like to be a Black police officer, and how does the Black community feel about these officers?

In early 1968, the activist planned a massive protest in the nation’s capital.

The Kerner Commission was credited with exposing systemic racism that inspired resistance in Black communities. James Baldwin argued that it stated the obvious.

Martin Luther King Jr. on what sparked the violent urban riots of the “long hot summer” of 1967.

These things happen, in all our Harlems, every single day. If we ignore this fact, and our common responsibility to change this fact, we are sealing our doom.

On the trail to Montgomery.

"Those who expected a cheap victory in a climate of complacency were shocked into reality by Selma."

Ten years after 'Brown v. Board of Education', Martin Luther King Jr. condemned how little had changed in the nation's classrooms.

Revolution, the civil rights movement, and African-American identity.

Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 letter written from prison remains one of his most famous works.

Rosa Parks discusses her refusal to give up a seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama bus in 1955.

This 1958 interview is the earliest known radio recording to overtly discuss homosexuality.

“This dramatic display of unity may well inspire the Negro residents of other Southern cities to similar action.”

A feminist rant for the ages.

After Sacco and Vanzetti's final appeal was rejected, Felix Frankfurter, then a professor at Harvard Law School, laid out the many problems with their trials.

Du Bois’ 1897 essay describes the “double consciousness” of African Americans who are “shut out from their world by a vast veil.”

Atlantic writer William Phillips conducted three interviews with Brown before Brown's fateful raid on Harper's Ferry.

Against the backdrop of another conflict over slavery in 1861, Thomas Wentworth Higginson wrote an in-depth narrative of Denmark Vesey's planned slave revolt in Charleston, SC.

An editorial to the "National Anti-Slavery Standard," republished in "Letters from New York."

A letter from the creators of Freedom's Journal to their initial patrons.

Interactive maps showing the historical geography of influential American social movements since the late 19th century.